Zirconia (ZrO2), Zirconium Oxide for Sale

Zirconia ceramics, characterized by their exceptional versatility and strength, exhibit fascinating phase transitions across different temperature ranges, attributable to their unique crystal structures. These structures include the monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic phases, each with distinct properties and implications for the material's application and performance.

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At room temperature, pure zirconia exists in the monoclinic phase (m), which is its most stable form under ambient conditions. This phase is noted for its asymmetrical crystal structure, leading to properties that are beneficial for certain applications requiring high resistance to crack propagation and excellent thermal insulation. However, the monoclinic phase's anisotropic thermal expansion can lead to issues in some applications, necessitating careful control of the material's phase composition depending on its intended use.

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As the temperature increases, zirconia undergoes a significant transformation at approximately °C, transitioning from the monoclinic phase to the tetragonal crystal structure (t). This phase change is accompanied by an increase in symmetry and a reduction in volume, which can induce stress and, potentially, microcracking if not managed correctly. The tetragonal phase, however, is instrumental in the material's renowned toughness, especially when stabilized by the addition of dopants such as yttrium oxide. This stabilization can prevent the material from transforming back to the monoclinic phase upon cooling, thereby exploiting the tetragonal phase's mechanical properties at room temperature.

Further heating leads zirconia to adopt a cubic crystal structure (c) at temperatures above ∼ °C, eventually transitioning into a fluorite structure—a high-symmetry, high-density phase that allows for exceptional ionic conductivity. This phase is particularly relevant for high-temperature applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and oxygen sensors, where ionic transport is crucial. The cubic phase remains stable up to the melting point of zirconia, which is at an exceedingly high temperature of °C, underscoring the material's suitability for extreme environments.

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